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FARHANA
28 october 1991
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Ngee Ann Polytechnic
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liverpool_owen_7@hotmail.com
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Friday, September 01, 2006
woke up in the morning, and first thing before my eyes: mensus. =(( ughh. at least i don't have bad cramps but its pain enough to get me lying in bed. =(( to ans those "why does it hurt qns' i did some research. (it looks long but i've summarized it ok!) =))
interesting stuff on menstruation:
Length of Monthly Cycle.
The menstrual cycle can be very irregular for the first one or two years, usually being longer than the average of 28 days. The length then generally stabilizes to an average of 28 days, although the cycle length may range from 20 to 45 days and still be considered normal. A variation of 10 days or more--either more or fewer days--may have an impact on fertility, however. When a woman reaches her 40s the cycle lengthens, reaching an average of 31 days by age 49. A number of factors can affect cycle length at any age.
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Risk Factors for Shorter Cycles Risk Factors for Longer Cycles
Regular alcohol use. Being under 21 and over 44.
Stressful jobs. Being very thin (also at risk for short bleeding periods).
Competitive athletics (also at risk for short bleeding periods).
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Periods average 6.6 days in young girls. By the age of 21, menstrual bleeding averages six days until women approach menopause. It should be noted, however, that about 5% of healthy women menstruate less than four days and 5% menstruate more than eight days.
Cramps
Dysmenorrhea is severe, frequent cramping during menstruation. Cramps occur from contractions in the uterus, which are part of the menstrual process. The condition is usually referred to as primary or secondary.
Primary dysmenorrhea. With primary dysmenorrhea, muscle contractions are often normal and the cause of the pain is some underlying biologic factor that only affects menstrual cramping. About half of menstruating women experience primary dysmenorrhea. Onset usually occurs two to three years after the periods have started. The pain typically develops when the bleeding starts and continues for 32 to 48 hours.
Secondary dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrually related pain that accompanies another medical or physical condition, usually endometriosis or pelvic abnormalities.
Premenstrual Syndrome.
In general, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur during the last week of the luteal phase (a week before menstruation) in most cycles. The symptoms should typically resolve within four days after bleeding starts and not start until at least day 13 in the cycle. Women may begin to experience premenstrual syndrome symptoms at any time during their reproductive years. Once established, the symptoms tend to remain fairly constant until menopause, although they can vary from cycle to cycle. About 100 symptoms have been identified with the premenstrual phase.
Causes of primary dysmenorrhea.
- Contraction-Causing Chemicals. Primary dysmenorrhea is associated with powerful chemicals known as prostaglandins and arachidonic acid, which induce uterine muscle (myometrium) contractions.
- Abnormal Nervous System Response. Research suggests that some women with primary dysmenorrhea may have autonomic nervous systems that are overly sensitive to menstrual cycle changes. The autonomic nervous system regulates the heart rate, blood pressure, and it contains the pain receptors in nerve fibers in the uterus and pelvic area. As a result, women with autonomic nervous system abnormalities may have a more intense response to pain than others.
- Abnormalities in the Arteries in the Uterus. Studies using a special imaging technique called Doppler ultrasound report impaired blood flow through the arteries in the uterus in women with severe dysmenorrhea.
- Genetic Factors. Genetic factors may play a critical role in over half of primary dysmenorrhea cases. For example, two researchers in China have identified genetic factors called cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP1D6) and glutathione S-transferase Mu (GASTM1). They regulate a number of enzymes, and when they occur together these genetic factors are associated with recurrent primary dysmenorrhea.
Causes of Secondary Dysmenorrhea Endometriosis is the condition in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus (endometrium) grows on other areas of the body causing pain and irregular bleeding. Risk Factors
Those who start menstruating at age 11 or younger are at higher risk for severe pain, longer periods, and longer menstrual cycles. In any case, between 20% and 90% of teenage girls report menstrual pain and about 15% report that it is severe.
Being Overweight or Underweight
Studies suggest that being either overweight or underweight increases the risk for dysmenorrhea. In a Japanese study, being underweight posed a higher risk for frequent menstrual pain than being overweight. An earlier American study, reported, however, that women who are overweight have twice the risk for having severe and prolonged cramping as women who are not overweight. Stress
Stress factors have been suspected in menstrual disorders, but few studies have confirmed any association. In one study among military personnel, stress from life events, but not work-related stress, was associated with a higher risk for dysmenorrhea. Treatment - Making dietary adjustments starting about 14 days before a period may help some women with certain mild menstrual disorders, such as cramping. The general guidelines for a healthy diet apply to everyone; they include eating plenty of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding saturated fats and commercial junk foods
- Effects of Dietary Fats. A 2000 study reported that women who followed a low-fat vegetarian diet for two menstrual cycles experienced less pain and bloating and a shorter duration of premenstrual symptoms than those who ate meat. Women who are losing too much blood, however, may need meat to help maintain iron levels. Choosing more fish and eggs may be a helpful alternative.
- More than one study has reported less menstrual pain with a higher intake of omega 3 fatty acids (fat compounds found in oily fish, such as salmon and tuna). In one study, supplements of fish oil also appeared to reduce heavy bleeding in adolescent girls.
- Salt Restriction. Limiting salt may help bloating. One study found that restricting salt does not alleviate bloating or other symptoms, but salt reduction in the study was modest and may have been too small to effect improvement.
- Reducing Caffeine, Sugar, and Alcohol. Reducing caffeine, sugar, and alcohol intake may be beneficial. The effects of alcohol are mixed. One study found that women who drank less wine had less menstrual pain than those who drank more wine. Another reported that regular consumption of alcohol lowered the risk for developing cramps, but it actually increased the length of cramping time in certain women. Alcohol is certainly not recommended in any case for relieving menstrual disorders.
Exercise A review of individual studies revealed a reduction in menstrual pain with exercise. It is not clear, however, how intense the exercise should be to reduce dysmenorrhea. For example young female athletes in a 2001 Croatian study were only half as likely to suffer from dysmenorrhea as their non-active peers. However, they were also three times more likely to experience an absence of periods. Exercise may be very helpful for women with menstrual pain due to endometriosis. It relieves stress and tension and may reduce hormonal levels that could contribute to endometrial growth. see amanda, by being athletic, you won't have to suffer so much. =)) and let's all be fat, it reduces the pain. =))
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